µ±Ç°Î»Ö㺠| Ê×Ò³ -> ÀúÊ·ÈËÎï -> ÎÄÊ·ÎÄ»¯ÈËÎ¡·½¯Í¢ÎýµÄÉúƽ×÷Æ·³É¾Í |
Çå´ú½¯Í¢Îý¼ò½é
ÐÕÃû£º½¯Í¢Îý | ÃûºÅ£º×ÖÑîËºÅÎ÷¹È | |
ÐÔ±ðÃñ×壺ÄÐ- | ³¯´ú£ºÇå´ú | |
¼®¹á£º½Äϳ£Êì(½ñ½ËÕ³£Êì)ÈË | Éú×䣺1669--1732 | |
ÆÀ¼Û»ò³É¾Í£º | ||
×÷Æ·£º |
½¯Í¢Îý£¨1669¡ª1732£©£¬×ÖÑîËºÅÎ÷¹È£¬ÓÖºÅÄÏɳ£¬½Äϳ£Êì(½ñ½ËÕ³£Êì)ÈË£¬ÉúÓÚ¿µÎõ°ËÄê(1669)£¬½¯Í¢ÎýµÄͯÄêʱ´úÊDZȽϿìÀֵģ¬ËûµÄ¸¸Ä¸¶¼·Ç³£ÌÛ°®Ëû¡£
½¯Í¢Îý¸Õ4Ëêʱ£¬ËûµÄ¸¸Ç×½¯ÒÁÖнøÊ¿£¬²¢±»Ñ¡ÎªÊü¼ªÊ¿£¬ÈýÄêºóÊÚ¼à²ìÓùÊ·£¬¸ºÔð¶Ô¹ÙÀô½øÐмà²ìµ¯ÛÀ£¬ÓÐȨ¶ÔÕþÎñ½øÐÐÆÀÂÛ£¬¶Ô¾ýÖ÷½øÐйæÚɵȡ£
ºó¹ÙÖÁºÓÄÏ°´²ì¸±Ê¹£¬ÌᶽѧÕþ£¬ÕÆÀí±¾Ê¡Ñ§Ð£ÕþÁËê¡¢¿ÆÁ½ÊÔ£¬Ñ²ÊÓËùÊôѧУ£¬¿¼ÇÚʦÉúÇڶ裬ÓÐȨÌáÉýÓÐ×÷Ϊ¡¢Óгɾ͵Ľ̹٣¬±á³âÎÞÄܵĽÌʦ¡£
½¯Í¢ÎýµÄ¸ç¸ç½¯³ÂÎý£¬¿µÎõ¶þÊ®ËÄÄê(1685)ÖнøÊ¿£¬¹ÙÖÁÔƹó×ܶ½£¬ÊÇÔƹóÁ½Ê¡µÄµØ·½×î¸ß³¤¹Ù£¬×ÜÀí¾üÃñÒªÕþ¡£
½¯Í¢ÎýÉÙÄêʱ´ÏÓ±ºÃѧ£¬ÐËȤ¹ã·º£¬²©ÀÀȺÊ飬ÔÚͬÁäÉÙÄêÖÐÒÔÖª¶à¼û¹ãΪͬѧËù³çĽ¡£
½¯Í¢ÎýÓÈ°®ÎÄѧ£¬Éó¤»æ»£¬³£ÒÔËù¼ûÖ®Îïӽʫ£¬»æ»ÒÔɽˮ¼û³¤¡£
Ëû²Î¼ÓÔºÊÔÖÐÐã²Å£¬ÓֲμÓÏçÊÔ£¬È¡Îª¾ÙÈË¡£
½¯Í¢ÎýËä¶à´Î²Î¼Ó»áÊÔ£¬¶¼Ã»ÓÐÈ¡µÚ¡£
¾ÍÒÔ¾ÙÈ˵ÄÉí·ÝÔÚ³¯Í¢ÄÚ×öÊ¡£
½¯Í¢Îý°ìʽ÷É÷ÖÜÈ«£¬¶ÔÈËÒÔ³ÏÏà´ý£¬ÖªÊé´ïÀí£¬Îªµ±Ê±È˳ÆÔÞ£¬¿µÎõ»ÊµÛÒ²Ôøµ±Ãæ±íÑï¹ýËû¡£
¿µÎõËÄÊ®¶þÄê(1703)ÈýÔ£¬¿µÎõ»ÊµÛÏÂÚ¯£¬¾ÙÈ˽¯Í¢Îý¡¢½å°¡¢ºÎìÌѧʶԨ²©£¬²Î¼Ó»áÊÔûÓÐÈ¡µÃ¹±ÉúºÜ¿Éϧ£¬Îª´ËÈÃËûÃÇÆƸñÓë¹±Éúһͬ²Î¼ÓµîÊÔ¡£
Æäºó£¬±»´ÍΪ½øÊ¿£¬Ñ¡ÎªÊü¼ªÊ¿¡£
°´Õչ涨£¬Êü¼ªÊ¿ÈýÄêºóÔÙÊÔ£¬¶þ¼×ÊÚ±àÐÞ£¬Èý¼×ÊÚ¼ìÌÖ¡£
½¯Í¢ÎýµÚ¶þÄê±»ÊÚΪº²ÁÖÔº±àÐÞ¡£
ºóÈëղʸ®£¬ÈÎ×ó¡¢ÓÒÔÞÉÆ£¬³ÉΪ̫×ÓµÄÊÌ´ÓÚÉÒé¹Ù¡£
ÓÉÓڻʵۺÜÉÍʶËû£¬ÓÖתΪÊ̽²¡¢Ê̶Á£¬¸ºÔð¸ø»ÊµÛ½²Ñ§£¬»òÕß°ïÖú»ÊÉ϶ÁÊé¡£
Ϊ´Ë£¬½¯Í¢Îý¶Ô¹¤×÷¸üÊǾ¡Ðľ¡Ôð£¬Ò»Ë¿²»¹¶£¬×öʸü½÷É÷СÐÄ¡£
¿µÎõ»ÊµÛ¶ÔËûÉõÊÇÂúÒ⣬²»¾ÃÏÂÚ¯½¯Í¢Îý»Øղʸ®£¬×ö×ó¡¢ÓÒ´º·»£¬ÈÎÉÙղʣ¬ÕÆÀí¾Ê·ÎÄÕ£¬±à×ëÊé¼®£¬³äÈÕ½²¹Ù¡£
¿µÎõ»ÊµÛÓúÐÅÈÎËû£¬½¯Í¢Îý¹¤×÷ÓúÇÚ¿Ò£¬ÓúÈÎÀÍÈÎÔ¹¡£
¿µÎõÎåÊ®ÁùÄê(1717)ÎåÔÂÓÖÌá°ÎËûΪÄÚ¸óѧʿ£¬¸ºÔð´«´ïÚ¯Ãü¼°ÕÂ×à¡£
¿µÎõÎåÊ®°ËÄê(1719)¶þÔ£¬½¯Í¢ÎýÏò»ÊµÛ½ø³Ê¡¶»ÊÓßÈ«ÀÀͼ¡·£¬¿µÎõµÛÉõÊÇÐÀÉÍ£¬ÁùÊ®Äê(1721)Ê®¶þÔ£¬ÃüËû³ä¾óÛ½²¹Ù£¬³ÉΪ¿µÎõµÛ½²½â¾Ê·µÄ¹ÙÔ±¡£
¿µÎõÁùʮһÄê(1722)ʮһÔ£¬Ê¥×濵Îõ»ÊµÛÐþìÇËÀ£¬µÚËÄ×Ó45ËêµÄØ·¶G¼´Î»£¬ÊÇΪӺÕý»ÊµÛ¡£
ÓºÕýÔªÄê(1723)ÈýÔ£¬ÓºÕýµÛÒò½¯Í¢ÎýÓÚÇ°³¯Õþ¼¨ÏÔÖø£¬ÖÒÓÚ³¯Í¢£¬½úËûΪÀñ²¿ÓÒÊÌÀÉ£¬ÈÔ¼æÊ̽²Ñ§Ê¿£¬²¢´ÍÊ«ÔÞÑッ͢Îý£º¡°ÔÚ¹«ÇÚÙíÒ¹£¬í®¼¨ÓÐÏÍÉù¡£
¡±Õýµ±½¯Í¢Îýƽ²½ÇàÔÆ£¬±¸Êܳ¯Í¢ÐÅÀµÖ®Ê±£¬É½¶«Ñ²¸§»Æ±þÖÜÈ´ÉÏÊ裬½¯³ÂÎýÔÚ¿µÎõËÄÊ®ÆßÄê(1708)ÈÎɽ¶«Ñ²¸§Ê±£¬ÇÖÊ´¾è¹ÈÏÛÓàÒø200ÓàÍòÁ½£¬ÓÉÐ̲¿ÌÖÂÛ¾ö¶¨£¬±ØÐë×·»Ø¡£
ÓºÕýµÛÃü½¯Í¢Îý°ÑÊÂÇéµÄÔί˵Ã÷£¬½¯Í¢ÎýʵÔÚÊDz»ÖªÄÚÇ飬ÓÖÒòÓºÕýµÛ¶Ô½¯Í¢Îý±È½ÏÐÅÈΣ¬´ËÊÂ¾Í´Ó¿í´¦Àí£¬ÔðÃü½¯³ÂÎýµÄ¶ù×Ó³¥»¹ÔÊý¶îµÄÒ»°ë£¬ÆäÓ಻ÔÙ×·¾¿£¬½¯Í¢Îý²»ÖªÔί£¬Óë´ËÎ޹ء£
ÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÖª£¬ÓºÕýµÛ¶Ô½¯Í¢ÎýµÄÉÍʶºÍÐÅÀµ¡£
ÓºÕýÔªÄ꣬¹ú¼ÒÉèÁ¢ÁËÐí¶à¹Ù°ìѧУ£¬ÓÉÕþ¸®ÌṩÁ¸Ê³¡£
µ«Ñ§Ð£´æÔÚ×ÅÐí¶à²»Á¼ÏÖÏó£¬Ðí¶àѧÉúÉõÖÁÒ»Ä굽ͷ²»µ½Ñ§Ð££¬Æ½Ê±Ã»ÓÐÀÏʦÇ××Խ̻壬ѧÉúΪ´Ë´ó¶à·Åµ´²»î¿£¬¸ãÍáÃÅаµÀ£¬½Ì·çѧ·ç²»Á¼£¬Ñ§Ð£ÖƶÈһƬ»ìÂÒ¡£
½¯Í¢ÎýÈÏΪÕâÑù³¤´Ë·¢Õ¹£¬ºó¹û²»¿°ÉèÏë¡£
ÓÚÊÇÓºÕýÔªÄêÊ®¶þÔ£¬½¯Í¢ÎýÉÏÊè»ÊµÛ£¬½¨Òé¸÷µÀÖÝÏصĸ÷¼¶¹ÜÀí½ÌÓýµÄ¹ÙÔ±£¬Ïêϸ¼ì²é¼à¶½ËùÊôѧУ£¬ÖØÕûѧУµÄ¹æÕÂÖƶȼ°Ð£·çѧ·ç¡£
°´Õչ涨ÉèÁ¢¿Î³Ì£¬Ñ§Éúµ½Ð£Ñ§Ï°£¬ÑϸñÒªÇó×Ô¼º£¬½ÌʦÑÏËàУ¼Í£¬ÒÔÉí×÷Ôò£¬Ãæ¶ÔÃæ¹Ü½ÌѧÉú£¬¸øËûÃǽ²¾ÂÛÊ·£¬ÒÔ´ËÀ´ÊÕÁ²ËûÃǵķŵ´Ö®ÐÄ£¬ÃãÀøѧÉúÇÚ·Üѧϰ¡£
¶ÔÓÚ½ÌʦµÄ¿¼ºË£¬ÒÔË꿼¡¢¿Æ¿¼Ê±Ñ§Éú³É¼¨µÄºÃ»µÀ´È·¶¨½ÌʦµÄÓÅÁÓ£¬½±ÇÚ·£¶è£¬¾ö²»ÄܹÃÏ¢¡£
ËûÔÚ×àÊèÖÐÌáµ½£º¡°¡¶´óÇå»áµä¡·ÉÏÓÐÃ÷È·µÄ¼ÇÔØ£¬Ë³ÖξÅÄêÔø¹æ¶¨Ã¿¸öÏ綼ÉèÁ¢Éçѧ£¬ºóÒòÀÄÉè¶ø·ÏÖ¹¡£
Õë¶Ôµ±Ç°Ñ§Ð£¹ÜÀí²»ÉƵı׶ˣ¬ÇëÊ¥ÉÏÑ¡ÅÉרÃÅÈËÔ±ºËʵ¸÷ÖÝ¡¢ÏØ¡¢ÏçËùÉèÁ¢µÄѧУ£¬ÌôÑ¡Æ·ÐÐÓÅÁ¼¡¢Ñ§Ê¶Ô¨²©µÄÈ˳äÈνÌʦ£¬°´ÕÕѧÉúµÄ¶àÉÙºÍËù½ÌѧÉú³É¼¨µÄÓÅÁÓΪ±ê×¼¸ø½Ìʦ±¨³ê¡£
ÏçÃñ×ӵܣ¬ÄêÁä12ËêÒÔÉÏ£¬20ËêÒÔÏ£¬ÓÐÖ¾ÓÚѧϰµÄ¾ù¿ÉÈëѧ¡£
¡±ÓºÕýµÛ¿´ºóÉõÊÇÐÀÉͽ¯Í¢ÎýµÄÕâÒ»Ì׶Àµ½¼û½â£¬ÓÚÊǽ«×àÊèתµ½Àñ²¿£¬Àñ²¿´ó³¼ÌÖÂÛÉ󶩽¨Òé¿ÉÐУ¬°´²¿¾Í°àÂäʵʵʩ¡£
Ëæºó¸÷ÖÝÏصÄѧУ½ÌÓýÖØÐË£¬¹ó×å×ӵܡ¢ÏçÃñ×ӵܷ׷×ÈëѧÇóÖª£¬Ò»Ê±Ñ§·ç´óÐË¡£
ÓºÕý¶þÄê(1724)ÎåÔ½¯Í¢ÎýÓÖÉÏÊè×àÇë¼ÌÐø×ëÐÞ¡¶´óÇå»áµä¡·£¬ÓºÕý»ÊµÛËìÈÎÃüËûΪ±à×븱×ܲá£
ͬÄêÁùÔ£¬½¯Í¢Îýµ÷È뻧²¿£¬È맲¿ÓÒÊÌÀÉ£¬³ÉΪ»§²¿ÉÐÊéÔÊÏéµÄ¸±¹Ù£¬ÐÖúËûһͬÕÆÀíÍÁµØ¡¢Å©Ãñ¡¢Ç®¹ÈÖ®Õþ£¬¹±¸³Ö®²î¡£
ÓºÕýÈýÄê(1725)¶þÔ£¬È맲¿×óÊÌÀÉ£¬½¯Í¢Îý¿Éν¹ÙÔ˺àͨ¡£
½¯Í¢Îý¶Ô³¯Í¢Ò²ÊÇÖÒÐĹ¢¹¢£¬¾¡Ðľ¡Ôð¡£
ÓºÕýÈýÄê(1725)ÆßÔ£¬ÓºÕýµÛÓÖÈÎÃü½¯Í¢ÎýÓëÄÚÎñ¸®×ܹÜÀ´±£¹²Í¬¼ì²ì¾©¶¼µÄ²ÖÖüÇé¿ö¡£
µ±Ê±¾©¶¼µÄÐí¶àÎï×ʶ¼ÊǸ÷µØµ÷ÈëµÄ£¬ÌرðÊÇÁ¸Ê³£¬¶àÒÀ¿¿Ô˺ÓÓÉÄÏÏò±±µ÷ÔË£¬äîÔËÓÉ´ËÏԵ÷dz£ÖØÒª¡£
½¯Í¢ÎýÓÐÒ»´ÎÔÚ»ØÀϼÒʱ;¾É½¶«£¬·¢ÏÖɽ¶«¾³ÄÚäîÔË´æÔÚÐí¶àÑÏÖØÎÊÌ⣬äîÔËË®µÀ¹ÜÀí²»ÉÆ£¬ÓÖȱ·¦±ØÒªµÄÖÎÀíά»¤´ëÊ©£¬ÓÐЩºÓµÀΪµ±µØ¾ÓÃñÌîÉÏΪÌ¼·ºÓ¿Ñ¸û£¬º½µÀ±äµÃÏÁÕ£¬¶à´¦µÌ°Ó¡¢Õ¢¿ÚÓÙÈû£¬µÍ´¦ÔӲݴÔÉú£¬Ë®µÀ²»Ã÷;¸ß´¦Äàɳ¼¸ºõÓëµÌ°ÓÏàƽ£¬ÕâÑÏÖØÓ°ÏìÁ˾©¶¼µÄÎï×ʹ©¸ø¡£
ÓÚÊǽ¯Í¢ÎýÓÐÕë¶ÔÐÔµØÉÏÊè×àÇëÅÉרÈË¿±²éË®µÀ£¬È»ºó¸ù¾Ýʵ¼ÊÇé¿öÖƶ©µÃÁ¦´ëÊ©¡£
ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬½¯Í¢ÎýÌá³ö£¬äîÔËÖ÷ÒªÊÇÒÀ¿¿Ë®µÄÓÅÊÆ£¬¶ÔÓÚË®µÄÀûÓú͹ÜÀíÒ²Ó¦½²¾¿ºÏÀíÐԺͿÆѧÐÔ¡£
Ö÷ÒªÊÇÊèͨäîºÓˮԴ£¬Æ½Ê±¶ÔäîºÓµÄ¹ÜÀíҪעÒâÓмƻ®µÄÅÅ·Å£¬ºÏÀíµ÷½Ú¡£
ɽ¶«¾³ÄÚµÄäîºÓ£¬ÆäÔ´Á÷Ö÷ÒªÒÀÀµãëË®¡¢¼ÃË®¡¢›²Ë®ºÍãôË®¡£
µ«ÊÇÕâËÄË®µÄÔ´Í·Á÷Á¿¶¼½ÏС£¬»¹Òª¿¿ÆäËûСºÓºÍȪˮµÄ»ã¾Û£¬²ÅÄÜά³ÖÕý³£µÄäîÔË¡£
½öɽ¶«Ò»Ê¡£¬Ð¡ºÓºÍȪԴ½ü200´¦£¬Ðγɺþ²´15´¦£¬Èç¹û²»×¢Òâ±£³ÖºÍÊèͨСºÓ¡¢ÈªÔ´ÈëäîºÓµÄË®µÀ£¬½«»á¸øäîÔË´øÀ´ºÜ´óÓ°Ïì¡£
Ëû½¨Ò飬¶Ô´óСºþ²´¡¢ÖþµÌÉè°Ó£¬½¨Á¢½ÚÖÆÕ¢£¬°´ÕÕʱÁ±Õ¡¢µ÷½ÚäîºÓˮλ¡£
Èç¹ûäîºÓË®ÊƹýÃÍ£¬¿É½«äîºÓˮͨ¹ýÕ¢¶øÈëºþ£¬±£´æË®ÊÆ¡£
äîË®¹ýdzʱ£¬Ôòͨ¹ýÕ¢·ÅË®ÈëäîºÓ£¬Ê¹äîÔËË®µÀ±£³Ö¾ùºâ£¬³©Í¨ÎÞ×è¡£
ÓºÕý»ÊµÛ¶ÔËûµÄ×àÊè·Ç³£ÖØÊÓ£¬Ëæ¼´ÃüÁîÄÚ¸óѧʿºÎ¹ú×Ú´ø×ÅÒÇÆ÷ºÍµØͼÓëרߺÔðäîºÓ¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷µÄÆëËÕÀÕ¡¢Ñ²¸§³ÂÊÀÙÄһͬÑغӿ±²é£¬ÊµÇéÓ뽯͢ÎýËù½²µÄ»ù±¾Ò»Ö¡£
Òò´ËÓºÕýµÛ¶Ô½¯Í¢Îý¸üÊÇÁíÑÛÏà¿´£¬ÔÞÉͲ»ÒÑ£¬Á¢¼´Ôð³ÉÓйظ÷²¿¾¡¿ìÄⶩÇÐʵ¿ÉÐеÄʵʩ¼Æ»®£¬Ó뽯͢Îý»áÉó£¬ÐÞ¸ÄÍêÉƺ󿪹¤ÖÎÀí¡£
¹Ê´Ë½¯Í¢ÎýÔÚ³¯Í¢¡¢µØ·½¸÷²¿ÖÐһʱÃûÉù´óÕñ¡£
ÓºÕýËÄÄê(1726)¶þÔ£¬½¯Í¢Îý½úÉýΪ»§²¿ÉÐÊ飬ÐÖúâùÇ×ÍõÔÊÏé°ìÀí²ÆÎñ¡£
ÔÊÏé¼´Ê®Èý°¢¸çØ·Ï飬ÓëÓºÕý»ÊµÛØ·¶GÊÇͬ¸¸Ðֵܣ¬¿µÎõÄ©Ä꣬Á½ÐÖµÜÔø¹²Õü¹úÄÑ£¬ÓºÕýµÛ¼´Î»ºó£¬ÔÊÏéÒò¹¦·ââùÇ×Íõ£¬×ÜÀíÊÂÎñ£¬ÊÇÓºÕýÐÖµÜÖÐ×îÊܳ谮µÄ´ó³¼¡£
Ϊ±Ü»ÊµÛ¡°Ø·¡±×Ö£¬¸ÄΪÔÊÏé¡£
ÔÊÏé¶ÔÓºÕýµÛÒ²ÊÇÖÒÐÄÎÞ·¡£¬ÓºÕýµÛÔøÇ×Êé¡°ÖÒ¾´³ÏÖ±¡¢ÇÚÉ÷Á®Ã÷¡±°Ë×ÖØÒ¶î´Í¸øËû¡£
½¯Í¢Îý¸úËæ×ÅÕâôһλ¼«Êܳ谮¡¢Î»×ðÏÔ¹óµÄÇ×Íõ£¬ÒòÕþ¼¨ÏÔÖø¶øÊܵ½ÓºÕýµÛµÄ¾ø¶ÔÐÅÈΡ£
ͬÄê°ËÔ·êÏçÊÔ£¬ÓºÕýµÛÖ¸ÅÉËûΪ˳Ì츮(½ñ±±¾©)ÏçÊÔÕý¿¼¹Ù¡£
ÓºÕýµÛÔøµ±ÖÚ´ó³¼Ö®ÃæÔÞÉͽ¯Í¢Îý£¬ÐÖúâùÇ×Íõ´¦Àí»§²¿ÊÂÎñ£¬¹«ÕýÑÏÃ÷£¬¾¡Ðľ¡Á¦£¬ÒÔ¹úΪÖØ£¬²»áß˽Ç飬ÏÖÔÚÓºÕýµÛÓÖÁ͢ÎýÖ÷³ÖÏçÊÔ£¬ÄÑÃâ»áÒýÆðһЩÈ˵ļµ¶ÊºÍÔ¹ºÞ¡£
ÓºÕýµÛÔ¤Áϵ½ÓÐÈË»á³Ã´Ë»ú»áÄóÔìÒ¥ÑÔ£¬ÎÞ»ü·Ì°ù£¬Òò´ËÏÂÚ¯£ºÔÚ¿¼ÊÔÖУ¬ÈçÓв»¹«Æ½¡¢²»ºÏÀí֮ʣ¬¿ÉÒÔµ½¶½²ìԺȥ¿Ø¸æ;µ«ÈçÓмٹ«¼Ã˽£¬Îܸ桢ÄóÔìÍáÇúÊÂʵÕæÏóÒÔ´ïµ½¹Ù±¨Ë½³ðÄ¿µÄµÄ£¬Ò»¶¨ÒªÑϳͲ»´û¡£
´ËÚ¯Ò»·¢£¬×ÔÈ»ÎÞÈ˸ÒÑÔ½¯Í¢Îý¡£
ÓÉ´Ë¿´À´£¬ÓºÕýµÛ¶Ô½¯Í¢ÎýµÄ³èÐŲ»Ò»°ã¡£
ʮԣ¬ÓºÕýµÛÓÖÏÂÚ¯£¬Á͢ÎýÒÔ»§²¿ÉÐÊé¼æÁì±ø²¿ÉÐÊé¡£
Ê®¶þÔ£¬½¯Í¢ÎýµÄĸÇ׶¡Êϲ¡¹Ê£¬ÓºÕýµÛÇ×ÅÉרÈË´ø׿ÀìëÆ÷Î´ø×ÅΪ¶¡ÊÏËù¼ÓµÄ·âÚ¾ºÍÖÎÉ¥²ÆÎïÈ¥µõÑä¡£
°´ÕÕÀñÖÆ£¬½¯Í¢ÎýÐë»Ø¼ÒÊØÖÆ£¬ÓºÕýµÛ¾Í×¼ÐíËû¼¸¸öÔµÄÉ¥¼Ù£¬ÈÃËû½«ÆäĸµÄÁéèÑËͻؽÄÏÀϼÒ×æÜã°²ÔᣬȻºó»Ø¾©£¬ÔÚÈÎÊØÖÆ¡£
ÓºÕýÁùÄê(1728)ÈýÔ£¬½¯Í¢Îý±»ÊÚΪÎÄ»ªµî´óѧʿ£¬ÈÔ¼æÀí»§²¿¡£
´óѧʿÊÇÇ峯µÄÄÚ¸óÒªÔ±£¬Éè±£ºÍ¡¢ÎÄ»ª¡¢ÎäÓ¢ÈýµîÓëÌåÈÊ¡¢ÎÄÔ¨¡¢¶«¸óÈý¸ó´óѧʿ£¬Âúºº×å¸÷¶þÈË£¬Ö÷ÒªÕÆÀí»úÎñ£¬±íÂʰٹ٣¬ÊµÎª»ÊµÛµÄ×ó°òÓÒ±Û¡£
ÁùÔ£¬½¯Í¢ÎýÓÖ¼æÈÎ×ëÐÞ¡¶Ê¥×æÈʻʵÛʵ¼¡·×ܲù١£
ÓºÕýÆßÄê(1729)ÆßÔ£¬ÓºÕýµÛΪ¼Î½±½¯Í¢Îý¶Ô³¯Í¢µÄÖÒÐÄ£¬´Í¸øËûÕ¬µÚ£¬²¢Ç×ÌâØҶ¾ùºâ˶¸¨¡±Ôù¸øËû£¬Í¬ÄêÊ®ÔÂÓÖ¼ÓÌ«×ÓÌ«¸µ¡£
½¯Í¢ÎýÇÚÓÚÕþÎñÖ®Ó࣬ÉÆÓÚÒ÷Ê«×÷»£¬»¹ÆÄÓÐÃûÆø£¬ËûËù»»¨»Ü£¬Ð´ÉúΪÖ÷£¬¶àÓÐÆ®ÒÝÖ®±Ê£¬ÒÔ¹¤±Ê¼û³¤¡£
Æä»Éú¶¯¡¢´«Éñ¡¢ÓÅÑÅ£¬»É½Ë®ÆÂʯ£¬±Ê·¨¶àÑù£¬ÓÐʱÆÃīдÒ⣬ÐØÖÐǧɽÍòÛÖÖ®Ò⣬ÁÜÀì±Ê¶Ë;ÓÐʱ¾«±Êϸ¹´£¬ÓÚһɽһˮ¼ä×ÅÏÐϾ֮Ç飬ÏòÍùÖ®Òâ¡£
ËûµÄ»Á¬ÓºÕýµÛ¶¼´ó¼ÓÔÞÉÍ£¬¸üΪµ±Ê±¸½Ó¹·çÑŵÄÊ¿´ó·òËùÍƳ硣
½¯Í¢ÎýµÄÊ«×÷¼«¸»ÌïÔ°ÆøÏ¢£¬Ëû³£°ÑÊ«»½áºÏÆðÀ´£¬ÒÔʫΪ»£¬ÒԻӽʫ¡£
ÓС¶ÇàÍÐù¡·¡¢¡¶Çï·ç´«ÔÆ¡·Ê«¼¯¼°¡¶ÉÐÊéµØÀí½ñÊÍ¡·µÈ×÷Æ·Á÷´«ºóÊÀ¡£
ÓºÕý°ËÄê(1730)¶þÔ£¬¾©³Ç¾ÙÐлáÊÔ¡£
Çå´ú£¬¿Æ¾Ù¿¼ÊÔ³ÌÐò·ÖËļ¶£ºÔºÊÔ¡¢ÏçÊÔ¡¢»áÊÔ¡¢µîÊÔ¡£
ÔºÊÔÓÉÖÐÑë¹ÙÔ±Ö÷³Ö£¬²Î¼ÓÔºÊÔ¼°¸ñµÄ³Æ¡°¸½Ñ§ÉúÔ±¡±£¬¼´Ë׳Ƶġ°Ðã²Å¡±¡£
ÏçÊÔÿÈýÄêÒ»´Î£¬ÔÚÄϾ©¡¢±±¾©¼°¸÷Ê¡³Ç¾ÙÐУ¬Ö÷¿¼´ó³¼ÓɻʵÛÈÎÃü£¬ÏçÊÔ¼ȡµÄ³Æ¡°¾ÙÈË¡±¡£
Öоٺó²Î¼Ó»áÊÔ£¬ÔÚÏçÊÔ´ÎÄê´º¾ÙÐУ¬µØµãÔÚ±±¾©£¬ÓÉÀñ²¿¹ÙÔ±Ö÷³Ö£¬¿¼ÖеĽС°¹±Éú¡±£¬¹±Éú¾¸´ÊÔºó²Î¼ÓµîÊÔ£¬Ò²³ÆÍ¢ÊÔ£¬ÓɻʵÛÖ÷¿¼£¬¿¼Öеijơ°½øÊ¿¡±¡£
ÓºÕýµÛÃü½¯Í¢ÎýÖ÷³ÖÕâ´Î»áÊÔ£¬ÇÒÊÇÕý¿¼¹Ù¡£
ÈýÔ£¬½¯Í¢ÎýÓëÕÅÍ¢Óñ¸ºÔð¹ÜÀíÈý¿âÊÂÎñ¡£
ËÄÔ£¬¶¨´óѧʿΪÕýһƷ¹Ù¡£
ÓºÕý°ËÄê(1730)¶¬£¬¸Á¶ûµ¤²ßÁã´ø±øÏ®»÷¿ÆÉáͼ¿¨Â×£¬ÇÀÈ¥ÁË´óÅúÍÕÂíÉüÐó¡£
ÓºÕýµÛ×¼±¸ÓñøÎ÷±±¡£
ÔÀ´£¬Ôª³¯ÃðÍöºó£¬ÃɹŷÖÁÑΪÈý´ó²¿£¬ÆäÖеÄÒ»²¿¶ò³ÌØÃɹÅÓÖ¸´·ÖËIJ¿£¬×¼¸Á¶û²¿ÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»Ö§£¬ÆäÊ×Áì»ę̈¼ªÒ»ËÀ£¬¶ù×ÓÕùȨ¶á룬ÔÚÎ÷²Øµ±À®ÂïµÄС¶ù×Ó¸Á¶ûµ¤¶áÁËÕþȨ£¬ÓÚ¿µÎõÊ®Äê(1671)×ÔÁ¢Îªº¹£¬¶à´ÎÇÖÈÅÖÐÔ£¬¿µÎõµÛÔøÈý´ÎÇ×Õ÷¸Á¶ûµ¤¡£
¸Á¶ûµ¤ËÀºó£¬ÆäÖ¶Ö®×Ó¸Á¶ûµ¤²ßÁ㼴룬ÔÙ¶ÈÈëÇÖÖÐÔ£¬Îª´ËÓºÕýµÛÚ¯ÃüÉèÁ¢¾ü»ú·¿£¬Ö÷¹Ü¾ü¹úÊÂÎñ¡£
ÒòΪÇ峯ÄÚ¸óÉèÔÚÌ«ºÍÃÅÍ⣬ºÜÈÝÒ×鶻úÃÜ£¬ÓÚÊÇÔÚ¡ÖÐÃÅÄÚÉè¾ü»ú·¿£¬Ñ¡ÔñÄÚ¸óÖаìʽ÷É÷£¬´¦ÊÀÖÜÈ«£¬ÑÏÊØÃØÃܵÄÈËÈëÄÚ°ìÊ¡£
½¯Í¢Îý×÷Ϊ»ÊµÛ¼«¶È³èÐŵÄÈË£¬±»Ú¯ÈëÄÚ¡£
ÁíÍ⻹ÓÐâùÇ×ÍõÔÊÏé¡¢±£ºÍµî´óѧʿÕÅÍ¢ÓñͬÈë¾ü»ú·¿£¬ÊÜÃüÖØÒª»úÎñ£¬ÓÉÕÅÍ¢ÓñÖ÷ÕÆ¡£
ÓºÕýµÛÚ¯ÁîÉè¾ü»ú·¿Ö®ºó£¬´ó³¼×àÊÂÒ²ËæÖ®·¢Éú±ä»¯¡£
´ó³¼ÉÏ×à¹úÊ£¬Æ½³£µÄÊÂÎñÉÏ×àʱÓá°Ê衱£¬ÓÉͨÕþ˾Éϳʻʵۣ¬´¦Àí½á¹ûÏ´«ÄÚ¸ó£¬ÄâּϷ¢;ÖØÒªµÄ¾ü¹ú´óÊ£¬ÉÏ×àʱÓá°ÕÛ¡±£¬ÓÉ×àÊ´¦Éϳʻʵۣ¬¾ü»ú·¿¸ºÔðÄâÖ¼£¬ÔÙ¾»ÊµÛÇ××ÔÓÃÖì±ÊÅúÇ©ºó²ÅÏ·¢¡£
Òò´ËÄÚ¸óµÄ»úÒªÖØȨתÒƵ½¾ü»ú·¿¡£
¾ü»ú·¿³ÉΪҪÕþÖÐÐÄ£¬×ÜÀ¿È«¹ú¾üÕþ¡£
´óѧʿһ¶¨ÒªÈë¾ü»ú·¿³ÉΪ¾ü»ú´ó³¼·½¿É²ÎÔ¤ÕþÊ¡£
һЩµØ·½¹ÙÔ±µÄ×àÕÛ£¬²»ÄÜÖ±½ÓË͵½ÄÚÍ¢µÄ£¬¾ÍÓÉÓºÕý»ÊµÛÖ¸¶¨µÄÍõ»ò´ó³¼×ª³Ê£¬½¯Í¢Îý¾ÍÊDZ»Ö¸¶¨µÄΪÊý²»¶àת´«×àÕÛµÄÈË¡£
Óɴ˿ɼû£¬ÓºÕýµÛ¶Ô½¯Í¢ÎýµÄÐÅÈδﵽ¼«µã¡£
½¯Í¢ÎýÒ²²»¸º»ÊµÛÖØÍû¡£
ʮԼ䣬ӺÕýµÛżȻ»¼Ò»µãС²¡£¬½¯Í¢ÎýµÈÈ«Á¦×ôÕþ£¬ÄÚÕþÍâÊ´¦ÀíµÃ¾®¾®ÓÐÌõ£¬ÓºÕýµÛÉõÊÇÂúÒ⣬¶Ô½¯Í¢Îý¸üÊÇÒÐÖØÖ®¼«£¬¶÷ÓþÓмӡ£
¶Ô½¯Í¢ÎýµÄ¸¨×ôÖ®¹¦´ó¼ÓÔÞÓþ£º¡°½¯Í¢ÎýµÈ×ôÕÆÖØÒª»úÎñ£¬°ìʹ«ÕýÑÏÃ÷£¬Ò»ÐÄΪ¹ú£¬ÖÒÐĹ¢¹¢£¬½÷É÷ÖÜÈ«£¬Ò»Ë¿²»¹¶£¬ÌØÉÍ´ÍËûÃÇÒ»µÈÇá³µ¶¼Î¾ÊÀÖ°£¬¹¦¼Ó¶þ¼¶¡£
¡±ÊÀÖ°¿É´øÓÚ×ÔÉí»ò¸ø×ÓËï¡£
½¯Í¢Îý×àÇ룬ÒÔ×ÓÊü¼ªÊ¿½¯äß³ÐÏ®ÊÀÖ°¡£
ÖÁ´Ë½¯Í¢ÎýµÄ¹Ùλ´ïµ½Á˶¥·å¡£
ÓºÕý¾ÅÄê(1731)½¯Í¢Îý»ýÀͳɼ²£¬ÓºÕýµÛÖªºó£¬ÌØÅÉ̫ҽΪËûÖÎÁÆ¡£
²¡¸ÕÓкÃת£¬½¯Í¢ÎýÓÖ¹¤×÷Èç³££¬ÓºÕýµÛÓú¼ÓÐÅÀµ¡£
µÚ¶þÄêÏÄ£¬²¡ÓÖ¸´·¢£¬ÓºÕýµÛÏÂÁîÒ»ÈÕÄÚÁ½´ÎÉÏ×཯͢ÎýµÄ²¡Çé¡£
ÈòÎåÔ£¬½¯Í¢Îý²¡ÊÅ£¬ÖÕÄê64Ëê¡£
ÓºÕýµÛ·Ç³£±¯Í´£¬ê¡³¯Ò»ÈÕ±íʾ°§µ¿£¬²¢Ö¸ÅÉ´ó³¼´ø׿ÀµìÆ÷ÎïµõÑ䣬´Í¸øÇ®ÎïµÈÔá¼ÀÆ·£¬Úֺš°ÎÄËࡱ¡£
¶ÔÓÚ½¯Í¢ÎýµÄÒ»Éú£¬ÓºÕýµÛ¸øÓèºÜ¸ßµÄÆÀ¼Û£¬Ëû˵£º½¯Í¢ÎýÔÚ³¯¶þÊ®¶àÄ꣬һֱÇÚÇÚ¿Ò¿Ò£¬×ÔÎҵǻùÒÔÀ´£¬ËûÓÉÄÚ¸óѧʿÉýΪÎÄ»ªµî´óѧʿ£¬²»ÂÛ¸Éʲô£¬Ëû¶¼ÖÒÓÚÖ°ÊØ¡£
ÂÛ²ÅÄÜ¡¢ÂÛѧʶ£¬Ëû¶¼ÊdzöÀà°ÎÝ͵ġ£
ËûÖ÷¹ÜũҵˮÀû£¬¾«Ã÷Ç¿¸É£¬²»¸ºÖØÍÐ;Ëû×ÜÁì²ÆÕþ£¬Ñϸñ³öÄÉ£¬ÇåÔß³ý±×£¬ÓÐÒæÓÚ¹ú¼ÆÃñÉú;Ëû²ÎÔ¤»úÒªÊÂÎñ£¬¸ñÍâ½÷É÷ÖÜÃÜ£¬¹¦¼¨×¿Öø¡£
ÊÇÎÒ´óÇåÓдó¹¦Ö®³¼£¬ÌØ´ÍØҶÍòŽ×Ï͸¨ÎÞÀ¢É«¡±¡£
½¯Í¢Îýƾ×ÅËûÔ¨²©µÄѧʶºÍ³öÖڵIJÅÄÜ£¬Æ¾×ÅËûµÄÖÒÐĺÍÇÚ·Ü£¬Êܵ½¿µÎõºÍÓºÕý»ÊµÛµÄ±¶¼ÓÐÅÀµ£¬ËûΪÕþÇåÁ®£¬³ýÁ˻ʵ۴͸øËûµÄסլÌï²úÍ⣬ûÓйý¶àµÄ¼Ò²ú£¬¹Ê´ËÓÚǬ¡ԪÄê(1736)´ÍÈëìëÏÍÁ¼ìô£¬Æäʼ£ÊÕÈ롶¹ú³¯ÏÈÕýÊÂÂÔ¡·¡£
|